qs_ks_methods.F

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!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
!   CP2K: A general program to perform molecular dynamics simulations                              !
!   Copyright 2000-2026 CP2K developers group <https://cp2k.org>                                   !
!                                                                                                  !
!   SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later                                                      !
!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief routines that build the Kohn-Sham matrix (i.e calculate the coulomb
!>        and xc parts
!> \author Fawzi Mohamed
!> \par History
!>      - 05.2002 moved from qs_scf (see there the history) [fawzi]
!>      - JGH [30.08.02] multi-grid arrays independent from density and potential
!>      - 10.2002 introduced pools, uses updated rho as input,
!>                removed most temporary variables, renamed may vars,
!>                began conversion to LSD [fawzi]
!>      - 10.2004 moved calculate_w_matrix here [Joost VandeVondele]
!>                introduced energy derivative wrt MOs [Joost VandeVondele]
!>      - SCCS implementation (16.10.2013,MK)
! **************************************************************************************************
MODULE qs_ks_methods
   USE accint_weights_forces,           ONLY: accint_weight_force
   USE admm_dm_methods,                 ONLY: admm_dm_calc_rho_aux,&
                                              admm_dm_merge_ks_matrix
   USE admm_methods,                    ONLY: admm_mo_calc_rho_aux,&
                                              admm_mo_calc_rho_aux_kp,&
                                              admm_mo_merge_ks_matrix,&
                                              admm_update_ks_atom,&
                                              calc_admm_mo_derivatives,&
                                              calc_admm_ovlp_forces,&
                                              calc_admm_ovlp_forces_kp
   USE admm_types,                      ONLY: admm_type,&
                                              get_admm_env
   USE cell_types,                      ONLY: cell_type
   USE cp_control_types,                ONLY: dft_control_type
   USE cp_dbcsr_api,                    ONLY: &
        dbcsr_add, dbcsr_copy, dbcsr_create, dbcsr_filter, dbcsr_get_info, dbcsr_multiply, &
        dbcsr_p_type, dbcsr_release, dbcsr_set, dbcsr_type, dbcsr_type_antisymmetric, &
        dbcsr_type_symmetric
   USE cp_dbcsr_cp2k_link,              ONLY: cp_dbcsr_alloc_block_from_nbl
   USE cp_dbcsr_operations,             ONLY: dbcsr_allocate_matrix_set,&
                                              dbcsr_copy_columns_hack
   USE cp_ddapc,                        ONLY: qs_ks_ddapc
   USE cp_fm_types,                     ONLY: cp_fm_type
   USE cp_log_handling,                 ONLY: cp_get_default_logger,&
                                              cp_logger_get_default_io_unit,&
                                              cp_logger_type
   USE cp_output_handling,              ONLY: cp_p_file,&
                                              cp_print_key_should_output
   USE dft_plus_u,                      ONLY: plus_u
   USE hartree_local_methods,           ONLY: vh_1c_gg_integrals
   USE hartree_local_types,             ONLY: ecoul_1center_type
   USE hfx_admm_utils,                  ONLY: hfx_admm_init,&
                                              hfx_ks_matrix,&
                                              hfx_ks_matrix_kp
   USE input_constants,                 ONLY: do_ppl_grid,&
                                              outer_scf_becke_constraint,&
                                              outer_scf_hirshfeld_constraint,&
                                              smeagol_runtype_emtransport
   USE input_section_types,             ONLY: section_vals_get,&
                                              section_vals_get_subs_vals,&
                                              section_vals_type
   USE kg_correction,                   ONLY: kg_ekin_subset
   USE kinds,                           ONLY: default_string_length,&
                                              dp
   USE kpoint_types,                    ONLY: get_kpoint_info,&
                                              kpoint_type
   USE lri_environment_methods,         ONLY: v_int_ppl_energy
   USE lri_environment_types,           ONLY: lri_density_type,&
                                              lri_environment_type,&
                                              lri_kind_type
   USE mathlib,                         ONLY: abnormal_value
   USE message_passing,                 ONLY: mp_para_env_type
   USE pw_env_types,                    ONLY: pw_env_get,&
                                              pw_env_type
   USE pw_methods,                      ONLY: pw_axpy,&
                                              pw_copy,&
                                              pw_integral_ab,&
                                              pw_integrate_function,&
                                              pw_scale,&
                                              pw_transfer,&
                                              pw_zero
   USE pw_poisson_methods,              ONLY: pw_poisson_solve
   USE pw_poisson_types,                ONLY: pw_poisson_implicit,&
                                              pw_poisson_type
   USE pw_pool_types,                   ONLY: pw_pool_type
   USE pw_types,                        ONLY: pw_c1d_gs_type,&
                                              pw_r3d_rs_type
   USE qmmm_image_charge,               ONLY: add_image_pot_to_hartree_pot,&
                                              calculate_image_pot,&
                                              integrate_potential_devga_rspace
   USE qs_cdft_types,                   ONLY: cdft_control_type
   USE qs_charges_types,                ONLY: qs_charges_type
   USE qs_core_energies,                ONLY: calculate_ptrace
   USE qs_dftb_matrices,                ONLY: build_dftb_ks_matrix
   USE qs_efield_berry,                 ONLY: qs_efield_berry_phase
   USE qs_efield_local,                 ONLY: qs_efield_local_operator
   USE qs_energy_types,                 ONLY: qs_energy_type
   USE qs_environment_types,            ONLY: get_qs_env,&
                                              qs_environment_type
   USE qs_gapw_densities,               ONLY: prepare_gapw_den
   USE qs_harris_types,                 ONLY: harris_type
   USE qs_harris_utils,                 ONLY: harris_set_potentials
   USE qs_integrate_potential,          ONLY: integrate_ppl_rspace,&
                                              integrate_rho_nlcc,&
                                              integrate_v_core_rspace
   USE qs_ks_apply_restraints,          ONLY: qs_ks_cdft_constraint,&
                                              qs_ks_mulliken_restraint,&
                                              qs_ks_s2_restraint
   USE qs_ks_atom,                      ONLY: update_ks_atom
   USE qs_ks_qmmm_methods,              ONLY: qmmm_calculate_energy,&
                                              qmmm_modify_hartree_pot
   USE qs_ks_types,                     ONLY: qs_ks_env_type,&
                                              set_ks_env
   USE qs_ks_utils,                     ONLY: &
        calc_v_sic_rspace, calculate_zmp_potential, compute_matrix_vxc, &
        get_embed_potential_energy, low_spin_roks, print_densities, print_detailed_energy, &
        sic_explicit_orbitals, sum_up_and_integrate
   USE qs_local_rho_types,              ONLY: local_rho_type
   USE qs_mo_types,                     ONLY: get_mo_set,&
                                              mo_set_type
   USE qs_neighbor_list_types,          ONLY: neighbor_list_set_p_type
   USE qs_rho0_ggrid,                   ONLY: integrate_vhg0_rspace
   USE qs_rho_types,                    ONLY: qs_rho_get,&
                                              qs_rho_type
   USE qs_sccs,                         ONLY: sccs
   USE qs_vxc,                          ONLY: qs_vxc_create
   USE qs_vxc_atom,                     ONLY: calculate_vxc_atom
   USE rtp_admm_methods,                ONLY: rtp_admm_calc_rho_aux,&
                                              rtp_admm_merge_ks_matrix
   USE se_fock_matrix,                  ONLY: build_se_fock_matrix
   USE smeagol_interface,               ONLY: smeagol_shift_v_hartree
   USE surface_dipole,                  ONLY: calc_dipsurf_potential
   USE tblite_ks_matrix,                ONLY: build_tblite_ks_matrix
   USE virial_types,                    ONLY: virial_type
   USE xtb_ks_matrix,                   ONLY: build_xtb_ks_matrix
#include "./base/base_uses.f90"
 
   IMPLICIT NONE
 
   PRIVATE
 
   LOGICAL, PARAMETER :: debug_this_module = .true.
   CHARACTER(len=*), PARAMETER, PRIVATE :: moduleN = 'qs_ks_methods'
 
   PUBLIC :: calc_rho_tot_gspace, qs_ks_update_qs_env, qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix, &
             qs_ks_allocate_basics, evaluate_core_matrix_traces
 
CONTAINS
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief routine where the real calculations are made: the
!>      KS matrix is calculated
!> \param qs_env the qs_env to update
!> \param calculate_forces if true calculate the quantities needed
!>        to calculate the forces. Defaults to false.
!> \param just_energy if true updates the energies but not the
!>        ks matrix. Defaults to false
!> \param print_active ...
!> \param ext_ks_matrix ...
!> \param ext_xc_section ...
!> \par History
!>      06.2002 moved from qs_scf to qs_ks_methods, use of ks_env
!>              new did_change scheme [fawzi]
!>      10.2002 introduced pools, uses updated rho as input, LSD [fawzi]
!>      10.2004 build_kohn_sham matrix now also computes the derivatives
!>              of the total energy wrt to the MO coefs, if instructed to
!>              do so. This appears useful for orbital dependent functionals
!>              where the KS matrix alone (however this might be defined)
!>               does not contain the info to construct this derivative.
!> \author Matthias Krack
!> \note
!>      make rho, energy and qs_charges optional, defaulting
!>      to qs_env components?
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix(qs_env, calculate_forces, just_energy, &
                                           print_active, ext_ks_matrix, ext_xc_section)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      LOGICAL, INTENT(in)                                :: calculate_forces, just_energy
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL                      :: print_active
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:), OPTIONAL, &
         POINTER                                         :: ext_ks_matrix
      TYPE(section_vals_type), OPTIONAL, POINTER         :: ext_xc_section
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=*), PARAMETER :: routinen = 'qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix'
 
      CHARACTER(len=default_string_length)               :: name
      INTEGER                                            :: handle, iatom, img, ispin, nimages, &
                                                            nspins
      LOGICAL :: do_adiabatic_rescaling, do_ddapc, do_hfx, do_ppl, dokp, gapw, gapw_xc, &
         just_energy_xc, lrigpw, my_print, rigpw, use_virial
      REAL(kind=dp)                                      :: ecore_ppl, edisp, ee_ener, ekin_mol, &
                                                            mulliken_order_p, vscale
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(3, 3)                     :: h_stress, pv_loc
      TYPE(admm_type), POINTER                           :: admm_env
      TYPE(cdft_control_type), POINTER                   :: cdft_control
      TYPE(cell_type), POINTER                           :: cell
      TYPE(cp_logger_type), POINTER                      :: logger
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER          :: ksmat, matrix_vxc, mo_derivs
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:, :), POINTER       :: ks_matrix, ks_matrix_im, matrix_h, &
                                                            matrix_h_im, matrix_s, my_rho, rho_ao
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
      TYPE(ecoul_1center_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER    :: ecoul_1c
      TYPE(harris_type), POINTER                         :: harris_env
      TYPE(local_rho_type), POINTER                      :: local_rho_set
      TYPE(lri_density_type), POINTER                    :: lri_density
      TYPE(lri_environment_type), POINTER                :: lri_env
      TYPE(lri_kind_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER         :: lri_v_int
      TYPE(mp_para_env_type), POINTER                    :: para_env
      TYPE(pw_c1d_gs_type)                               :: rho_tot_gspace, v_hartree_gspace
      TYPE(pw_c1d_gs_type), POINTER                      :: rho_core
      TYPE(pw_env_type), POINTER                         :: pw_env
      TYPE(pw_poisson_type), POINTER                     :: poisson_env
      TYPE(pw_pool_type), POINTER                        :: auxbas_pw_pool
      TYPE(pw_r3d_rs_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER        :: rho_r, v_rspace_embed, v_rspace_new, &
                                                            v_rspace_new_aux_fit, v_tau_rspace, &
                                                            v_tau_rspace_aux_fit
      TYPE(pw_r3d_rs_type), POINTER :: rho0_s_rs, rho_nlcc, rhoz_cneo_s_rs, v_hartree_rspace, &
         v_sccs_rspace, v_sic_rspace, v_spin_ddapc_rest_r, vee, vppl_rspace
      TYPE(qs_energy_type), POINTER                      :: energy
      TYPE(qs_ks_env_type), POINTER                      :: ks_env
      TYPE(qs_rho_type), POINTER                         :: rho, rho1, rho_struct, rho_xc
      TYPE(section_vals_type), POINTER                   :: adiabatic_rescaling_section, &
                                                            hfx_sections, input, scf_section, &
                                                            xc_section
      TYPE(virial_type), POINTER                         :: virial
 
      CALL timeset(routinen, handle)
      NULLIFY (admm_env, cell, dft_control, logger, mo_derivs, my_rho, &
               rho_struct, para_env, pw_env, virial, vppl_rspace, &
               adiabatic_rescaling_section, hfx_sections, &
               input, scf_section, xc_section, matrix_h, matrix_h_im, matrix_s, &
               auxbas_pw_pool, poisson_env, v_rspace_new, v_rspace_new_aux_fit, &
               v_tau_rspace, v_tau_rspace_aux_fit, matrix_vxc, vee, rho_nlcc, &
               ks_env, ks_matrix, ks_matrix_im, rho, energy, rho_xc, rho_r, rho_ao, rho_core)
 
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(qs_env))
 
      logger => cp_get_default_logger()
      my_print = .true.
      IF (PRESENT(print_active)) my_print = print_active
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, &
                      ks_env=ks_env, &
                      dft_control=dft_control, &
                      matrix_h_kp=matrix_h, &
                      matrix_h_im_kp=matrix_h_im, &
                      matrix_s_kp=matrix_s, &
                      matrix_ks_kp=ks_matrix, &
                      matrix_ks_im_kp=ks_matrix_im, &
                      matrix_vxc=matrix_vxc, &
                      pw_env=pw_env, &
                      cell=cell, &
                      para_env=para_env, &
                      input=input, &
                      virial=virial, &
                      v_hartree_rspace=v_hartree_rspace, &
                      vee=vee, &
                      rho_nlcc=rho_nlcc, &
                      rho=rho, &
                      rho_core=rho_core, &
                      rho_xc=rho_xc, &
                      energy=energy)
 
      CALL qs_rho_get(rho, rho_r=rho_r, rho_ao_kp=rho_ao)
 
      nimages = dft_control%nimages
      nspins = dft_control%nspins
 
      ! remap pointer to allow for non-kpoint external ks matrix
      IF (PRESENT(ext_ks_matrix)) ks_matrix(1:nspins, 1:1) => ext_ks_matrix(1:nspins)
 
      use_virial = virial%pv_availability .AND. (.NOT. virial%pv_numer)
 
      adiabatic_rescaling_section => section_vals_get_subs_vals(input, "DFT%XC%ADIABATIC_RESCALING")
      CALL section_vals_get(adiabatic_rescaling_section, explicit=do_adiabatic_rescaling)
      just_energy_xc = just_energy
      IF (do_adiabatic_rescaling) THEN
         !! If we perform adiabatic rescaling, the xc potential has to be scaled by the xc- and
         !! HFX-energy. Thus, let us first calculate the energy
         just_energy_xc = .true.
      END IF
 
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(matrix_h))
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(matrix_s))
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(rho))
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(pw_env))
      cpassert(SIZE(ks_matrix, 1) > 0)
      dokp = (nimages > 1)
 
      ! Setup the possible usage of DDAPC charges
      do_ddapc = dft_control%qs_control%ddapc_restraint .OR. &
                 qs_env%cp_ddapc_ewald%do_decoupling .OR. &
                 qs_env%cp_ddapc_ewald%do_qmmm_periodic_decpl .OR. &
                 qs_env%cp_ddapc_ewald%do_solvation
 
      ! Check if LRIGPW is used
      lrigpw = dft_control%qs_control%lrigpw
      rigpw = dft_control%qs_control%rigpw
      IF (rigpw) THEN
         cpassert(nimages == 1)
      END IF
      IF (lrigpw .AND. rigpw) THEN
         cpabort(" LRI and RI are not compatible")
      END IF
 
      ! Check for GAPW method : additional terms for local densities
      gapw = dft_control%qs_control%gapw
      gapw_xc = dft_control%qs_control%gapw_xc
      IF (gapw_xc .AND. gapw) THEN
         cpabort(" GAPW and GAPW_XC are not compatible")
      END IF
      IF ((gapw .AND. lrigpw) .OR. (gapw_xc .AND. lrigpw)) THEN
         cpabort(" GAPW/GAPW_XC and LRIGPW are not compatible")
      END IF
      IF ((gapw .AND. rigpw) .OR. (gapw_xc .AND. rigpw)) THEN
         cpabort(" GAPW/GAPW_XC and RIGPW are not compatible")
      END IF
 
      do_ppl = dft_control%qs_control%do_ppl_method == do_ppl_grid
      IF (do_ppl) THEN
         cpassert(.NOT. gapw)
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, vppl=vppl_rspace)
      END IF
 
      IF (gapw_xc) THEN
         cpassert(ASSOCIATED(rho_xc))
      END IF
 
      ! gets the tmp grids
      CALL pw_env_get(pw_env, auxbas_pw_pool=auxbas_pw_pool, poisson_env=poisson_env)
 
      IF (gapw .AND. (poisson_env%parameters%solver == pw_poisson_implicit)) THEN
         cpabort("The implicit Poisson solver cannot be used in conjunction with GAPW.")
      END IF
 
      ! ***  Prepare densities for gapw ***
      IF (gapw .OR. gapw_xc) THEN
         CALL prepare_gapw_den(qs_env, do_rho0=(.NOT. gapw_xc))
      END IF
 
      ! Calculate the Hartree potential
      CALL auxbas_pw_pool%create_pw(v_hartree_gspace)
      CALL auxbas_pw_pool%create_pw(rho_tot_gspace)
 
      scf_section => section_vals_get_subs_vals(input, "DFT%SCF")
      IF (btest(cp_print_key_should_output(logger%iter_info, scf_section, &
                                           "PRINT%DETAILED_ENERGY"), &
                cp_p_file) .AND. &
          (.NOT. gapw) .AND. (.NOT. gapw_xc) .AND. &
          (.NOT. (poisson_env%parameters%solver == pw_poisson_implicit))) THEN
         CALL pw_zero(rho_tot_gspace)
         CALL calc_rho_tot_gspace(rho_tot_gspace, qs_env, rho, skip_nuclear_density=.true.)
         CALL pw_poisson_solve(poisson_env, rho_tot_gspace, energy%e_hartree, &
                               v_hartree_gspace)
         CALL pw_zero(rho_tot_gspace)
         CALL pw_zero(v_hartree_gspace)
      END IF
 
      ! Get the total density in g-space [ions + electrons]
      CALL calc_rho_tot_gspace(rho_tot_gspace, qs_env, rho)
 
      IF (my_print) THEN
         CALL print_densities(qs_env, rho)
      END IF
 
      IF (dft_control%do_sccs) THEN
         ! Self-consistent continuum solvation (SCCS) model
         NULLIFY (v_sccs_rspace)
         ALLOCATE (v_sccs_rspace)
         CALL auxbas_pw_pool%create_pw(v_sccs_rspace)
 
         IF (poisson_env%parameters%solver == pw_poisson_implicit) THEN
            cpabort("The implicit Poisson solver cannot be used together with SCCS.")
         END IF
 
         IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
            CALL sccs(qs_env, rho_tot_gspace, v_hartree_gspace, v_sccs_rspace, &
                      h_stress=h_stress)
            virial%pv_ehartree = virial%pv_ehartree + h_stress/real(para_env%num_pe, dp)
            virial%pv_virial = virial%pv_virial + h_stress/real(para_env%num_pe, dp)
         ELSE
            CALL sccs(qs_env, rho_tot_gspace, v_hartree_gspace, v_sccs_rspace)
         END IF
      ELSE
         ! Getting the Hartree energy and Hartree potential.  Also getting the stress tensor
         ! from the Hartree term if needed.  No nuclear force information here
         IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
            h_stress(:, :) = 0.0_dp
            CALL pw_poisson_solve(poisson_env, rho_tot_gspace, energy%hartree, &
                                  v_hartree_gspace, h_stress=h_stress, &
                                  rho_core=rho_core)
            virial%pv_ehartree = virial%pv_ehartree + h_stress/real(para_env%num_pe, dp)
            virial%pv_virial = virial%pv_virial + h_stress/real(para_env%num_pe, dp)
         ELSE
            CALL pw_poisson_solve(poisson_env, rho_tot_gspace, energy%hartree, &
                                  v_hartree_gspace, rho_core=rho_core)
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! In case decouple periodic images and/or apply restraints to charges
      IF (do_ddapc) THEN
         CALL qs_ks_ddapc(qs_env, auxbas_pw_pool, rho_tot_gspace, v_hartree_gspace, &
                          v_spin_ddapc_rest_r, energy, calculate_forces, ks_matrix, &
                          just_energy)
      ELSE
         dft_control%qs_control%ddapc_explicit_potential = .false.
         dft_control%qs_control%ddapc_restraint_is_spin = .false.
         IF (.NOT. just_energy) THEN
            CALL pw_transfer(v_hartree_gspace, v_hartree_rspace)
            CALL pw_scale(v_hartree_rspace, v_hartree_rspace%pw_grid%dvol)
         END IF
      END IF
      CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(v_hartree_gspace)
 
      IF (dft_control%correct_surf_dip) THEN
         IF (dft_control%surf_dip_correct_switch) THEN
            CALL calc_dipsurf_potential(qs_env, energy)
            energy%hartree = energy%hartree + energy%surf_dipole
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! SIC
      CALL calc_v_sic_rspace(v_sic_rspace, energy, qs_env, dft_control, rho, poisson_env, &
                             just_energy, calculate_forces, auxbas_pw_pool)
 
      ! Check if CDFT constraint is needed
      CALL qs_ks_cdft_constraint(qs_env, auxbas_pw_pool, calculate_forces, cdft_control)
 
      ! Adds the External Potential if requested
      IF (dft_control%apply_external_potential) THEN
         ! Compute the energy due to the external potential
         ee_ener = 0.0_dp
         DO ispin = 1, nspins
            ee_ener = ee_ener + pw_integral_ab(rho_r(ispin), vee)
         END DO
         IF (.NOT. just_energy) THEN
            IF (gapw) THEN
               CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, &
                               rho0_s_rs=rho0_s_rs, &
                               rhoz_cneo_s_rs=rhoz_cneo_s_rs)
               cpassert(ASSOCIATED(rho0_s_rs))
               IF (ASSOCIATED(rhoz_cneo_s_rs)) THEN
                  CALL pw_axpy(rhoz_cneo_s_rs, rho0_s_rs)
               END IF
               ee_ener = ee_ener + pw_integral_ab(rho0_s_rs, vee)
               IF (ASSOCIATED(rhoz_cneo_s_rs)) THEN
                  CALL pw_axpy(rhoz_cneo_s_rs, rho0_s_rs, -1.0_dp)
               END IF
            END IF
         END IF
         ! the sign accounts for the charge of the electrons
         energy%ee = -ee_ener
      END IF
 
      ! Adds the QM/MM potential
      IF (qs_env%qmmm) THEN
         CALL qmmm_calculate_energy(qs_env=qs_env, &
                                    rho=rho_r, &
                                    v_qmmm=qs_env%ks_qmmm_env%v_qmmm_rspace, &
                                    qmmm_energy=energy%qmmm_el)
         IF (qs_env%qmmm_env_qm%image_charge) THEN
            CALL calculate_image_pot(v_hartree_rspace=v_hartree_rspace, &
                                     rho_hartree_gspace=rho_tot_gspace, &
                                     energy=energy, &
                                     qmmm_env=qs_env%qmmm_env_qm, &
                                     qs_env=qs_env)
            IF (.NOT. just_energy) THEN
               CALL add_image_pot_to_hartree_pot(v_hartree=v_hartree_rspace, &
                                                 v_metal=qs_env%ks_qmmm_env%v_metal_rspace, &
                                                 qs_env=qs_env)
               IF (calculate_forces) THEN
                  CALL integrate_potential_devga_rspace( &
                     potential=v_hartree_rspace, coeff=qs_env%image_coeff, &
                     forces=qs_env%qmmm_env_qm%image_charge_pot%image_forcesMM, &
                     qmmm_env=qs_env%qmmm_env_qm, qs_env=qs_env)
               END IF
            END IF
            CALL qs_env%ks_qmmm_env%v_metal_rspace%release()
            DEALLOCATE (qs_env%ks_qmmm_env%v_metal_rspace)
         END IF
         IF (.NOT. just_energy) THEN
            CALL qmmm_modify_hartree_pot(v_hartree=v_hartree_rspace, &
                                         v_qmmm=qs_env%ks_qmmm_env%v_qmmm_rspace, scale=1.0_dp)
         END IF
      END IF
      CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(rho_tot_gspace)
 
      ! SMEAGOL interface
      IF (dft_control%smeagol_control%smeagol_enabled .AND. &
          dft_control%smeagol_control%run_type == smeagol_runtype_emtransport) THEN
         cpassert(ASSOCIATED(dft_control%smeagol_control%aux))
         CALL smeagol_shift_v_hartree(v_hartree_rspace, cell, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%HartreeLeadsLeft, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%HartreeLeadsRight, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%HartreeLeadsBottom, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%VBias, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%minL, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%maxR, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%isexplicit_maxR, &
                                      dft_control%smeagol_control%aux%isexplicit_HartreeLeadsBottom)
      END IF
 
      ! calculate the density matrix for the fitted mo_coeffs
      IF (dft_control%do_admm) THEN
         IF (PRESENT(ext_xc_section)) THEN
            CALL hfx_admm_init(qs_env, calculate_forces, ext_xc_section)
         ELSE
            CALL hfx_admm_init(qs_env, calculate_forces)
         END IF
 
         IF (dft_control%do_admm_mo) THEN
            IF (qs_env%run_rtp) THEN
               CALL rtp_admm_calc_rho_aux(qs_env)
            ELSE
               IF (dokp) THEN
                  CALL admm_mo_calc_rho_aux_kp(qs_env)
               ELSE
                  CALL admm_mo_calc_rho_aux(qs_env)
               END IF
            END IF
         ELSEIF (dft_control%do_admm_dm) THEN
            CALL admm_dm_calc_rho_aux(qs_env)
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! only activate stress calculation if
      IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) virial%pv_calculate = .true.
 
      ! *** calculate the xc potential on the pw density ***
      ! *** associates v_rspace_new if the xc potential needs to be computed.
      ! If we do wavefunction fitting, we need the vxc_potential in the auxiliary basis set
      IF (dft_control%do_admm) THEN
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, admm_env=admm_env)
         xc_section => admm_env%xc_section_aux
         CALL get_admm_env(admm_env, rho_aux_fit=rho_struct)
 
         ! here we ignore a possible vdW section in admm_env%xc_section_aux
         CALL qs_vxc_create(ks_env=ks_env, rho_struct=rho_struct, xc_section=xc_section, &
                            vxc_rho=v_rspace_new_aux_fit, vxc_tau=v_tau_rspace_aux_fit, exc=energy%exc_aux_fit, &
                            just_energy=just_energy_xc)
 
         IF (admm_env%do_gapw) THEN
            !compute the potential due to atomic densities
            CALL calculate_vxc_atom(qs_env, energy_only=just_energy_xc, exc1=energy%exc1_aux_fit, &
                                    kind_set_external=admm_env%admm_gapw_env%admm_kind_set, &
                                    xc_section_external=xc_section, &
                                    rho_atom_set_external=admm_env%admm_gapw_env%local_rho_set%rho_atom_set)
 
         END IF
 
         NULLIFY (rho_struct)
 
         IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
            vscale = 1.0_dp
            !Note: ADMMS and ADMMP stress tensor only for closed-shell calculations
            IF (admm_env%do_admms) vscale = admm_env%gsi(1)**(2.0_dp/3.0_dp)
            IF (admm_env%do_admmp) vscale = admm_env%gsi(1)**2
            virial%pv_exc = virial%pv_exc - vscale*virial%pv_xc
            virial%pv_virial = virial%pv_virial - vscale*virial%pv_xc
            ! virial%pv_xc will be zeroed in the xc routines
         END IF
         xc_section => admm_env%xc_section_primary
      ELSE
         xc_section => section_vals_get_subs_vals(input, "DFT%XC")
         ! build ks matrix with an xc section potentially different from the one defined in input
         IF (PRESENT(ext_xc_section)) xc_section => ext_xc_section
      END IF
 
      IF (gapw_xc) THEN
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho_xc=rho_struct)
      ELSE
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho=rho_struct)
      END IF
 
      ! zmp
      IF (dft_control%apply_external_density .OR. dft_control%apply_external_vxc) THEN
         energy%exc = 0.0_dp
         CALL calculate_zmp_potential(qs_env, v_rspace_new, rho, exc=energy%exc)
      ELSE
         ! Embedding potential
         IF (dft_control%apply_embed_pot) THEN
            NULLIFY (v_rspace_embed)
            energy%embed_corr = 0.0_dp
            CALL get_embed_potential_energy(qs_env, rho, v_rspace_embed, dft_control, &
                                            energy%embed_corr, just_energy)
         END IF
         ! Everything else
         CALL qs_vxc_create(ks_env=ks_env, rho_struct=rho_struct, xc_section=xc_section, &
                            vxc_rho=v_rspace_new, vxc_tau=v_tau_rspace, exc=energy%exc, &
                            edisp=edisp, dispersion_env=qs_env%dispersion_env, &
                            just_energy=just_energy_xc)
         IF (edisp /= 0.0_dp) energy%dispersion = edisp
         IF (qs_env%requires_matrix_vxc .AND. ASSOCIATED(v_rspace_new)) THEN
            CALL compute_matrix_vxc(qs_env=qs_env, v_rspace=v_rspace_new, matrix_vxc=matrix_vxc)
            CALL set_ks_env(ks_env, matrix_vxc=matrix_vxc)
         END IF
 
         IF (gapw .OR. gapw_xc) THEN
            CALL calculate_vxc_atom(qs_env, just_energy_xc, energy%exc1, xc_section_external=xc_section)
            ! test for not implemented (bug) option
            IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
               IF (ASSOCIATED(v_tau_rspace)) THEN
                  cpabort("MGGA STRESS with GAPW/GAPW_XC not implemneted")
               END IF
            END IF
         END IF
 
      END IF
 
      ! set hartree and xc potentials for use in Harris method
      IF (qs_env%harris_method) THEN
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, harris_env=harris_env)
         CALL harris_set_potentials(harris_env, v_hartree_rspace, v_rspace_new)
      END IF
 
      NULLIFY (rho_struct)
      IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
         virial%pv_exc = virial%pv_exc - virial%pv_xc
         virial%pv_virial = virial%pv_virial - virial%pv_xc
      END IF
 
      ! *** Add Hartree-Fock contribution if required ***
      hfx_sections => section_vals_get_subs_vals(xc_section, "HF")
      CALL section_vals_get(hfx_sections, explicit=do_hfx)
      IF (do_hfx) THEN
         IF (dokp) THEN
            CALL hfx_ks_matrix_kp(qs_env, ks_matrix, energy, calculate_forces)
         ELSE
            ! ext_xc_section may contain a hfx section
            CALL hfx_ks_matrix(qs_env, ks_matrix, rho, energy, calculate_forces, &
                               just_energy, v_rspace_new, v_tau_rspace, ext_xc_section=xc_section)
         END IF
      END IF !do_hfx
 
      IF (do_ppl .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
         cpassert(.NOT. gapw)
         DO ispin = 1, nspins
            CALL integrate_ppl_rspace(rho_r(ispin), qs_env)
         END DO
      END IF
 
      IF (ASSOCIATED(rho_nlcc) .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
         DO ispin = 1, nspins
            CALL integrate_rho_nlcc(v_rspace_new(ispin), qs_env)
            IF (dft_control%do_admm) CALL integrate_rho_nlcc(v_rspace_new_aux_fit(ispin), qs_env)
         END DO
      END IF
 
      ! calculate KG correction
      IF (dft_control%qs_control%do_kg .AND. just_energy) THEN
 
         cpassert(.NOT. (gapw .OR. gapw_xc))
         cpassert(nimages == 1)
         ksmat => ks_matrix(:, 1)
         CALL kg_ekin_subset(qs_env, ksmat, ekin_mol, calculate_forces, do_kernel=.false.)
 
         ! subtract kg corr from the total energy
         energy%exc = energy%exc - ekin_mol
 
      END IF
 
      ! ***  Single atom contributions ***
      IF (.NOT. just_energy) THEN
         IF (calculate_forces) THEN
            ! Getting nuclear force contribution from the core charge density
            IF ((poisson_env%parameters%solver == pw_poisson_implicit) .AND. &
                (poisson_env%parameters%dielectric_params%dielec_core_correction)) THEN
               block
                  TYPE(pw_r3d_rs_type) :: v_minus_veps
                  CALL auxbas_pw_pool%create_pw(v_minus_veps)
                  CALL pw_copy(v_hartree_rspace, v_minus_veps)
                  CALL pw_axpy(poisson_env%implicit_env%v_eps, v_minus_veps, -v_hartree_rspace%pw_grid%dvol)
                  CALL integrate_v_core_rspace(v_minus_veps, qs_env)
                  CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(v_minus_veps)
               END block
            ELSE
               CALL integrate_v_core_rspace(v_hartree_rspace, qs_env)
            END IF
         END IF
 
         IF (.NOT. do_hfx) THEN
            ! Initialize the Kohn-Sham matrix with the core Hamiltonian matrix
            ! (sets ks sparsity equal to matrix_h sparsity)
            DO ispin = 1, nspins
               DO img = 1, nimages
                  CALL dbcsr_get_info(ks_matrix(ispin, img)%matrix, name=name) ! keep the name
                  CALL dbcsr_copy(ks_matrix(ispin, img)%matrix, matrix_h(1, img)%matrix, name=name)
               END DO
            END DO
            ! imaginary part if required
            IF (qs_env%run_rtp) THEN
               IF (dft_control%rtp_control%velocity_gauge) THEN
                  cpassert(ASSOCIATED(matrix_h_im))
                  cpassert(ASSOCIATED(ks_matrix_im))
                  DO ispin = 1, nspins
                     DO img = 1, nimages
                        CALL dbcsr_get_info(ks_matrix_im(ispin, img)%matrix, name=name) ! keep the name
                        CALL dbcsr_copy(ks_matrix_im(ispin, img)%matrix, matrix_h_im(1, img)%matrix, name=name)
                     END DO
                  END DO
               END IF
            END IF
         END IF
 
         IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
            pv_loc = virial%pv_virial
         END IF
         ! sum up potentials and integrate
         ! Pointing my_rho to the density matrix rho_ao
         my_rho => rho_ao
 
         CALL sum_up_and_integrate(qs_env, ks_matrix, rho, my_rho, vppl_rspace, &
                                   v_rspace_new, v_rspace_new_aux_fit, v_tau_rspace, v_tau_rspace_aux_fit, &
                                   v_sic_rspace, v_spin_ddapc_rest_r, v_sccs_rspace, v_rspace_embed, &
                                   cdft_control, calculate_forces)
 
         IF (calculate_forces) THEN
            IF (gapw_xc) THEN
               CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho_xc=rho_struct)
            ELSE
               CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho=rho_struct)
            END IF
            NULLIFY (rho1)
            CALL accint_weight_force(qs_env, rho_struct, rho1, 0, xc_section)
            !
            IF (dft_control%do_admm) THEN
               CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, admm_env=admm_env)
               xc_section => admm_env%xc_section_aux
               CALL get_admm_env(admm_env, rho_aux_fit=rho_struct)
               CALL accint_weight_force(qs_env, rho_struct, rho1, 0, xc_section)
            END IF
         END IF
 
         IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
            virial%pv_ehartree = virial%pv_ehartree + (virial%pv_virial - pv_loc)
         END IF
         IF (dft_control%qs_control%do_kg) THEN
            cpassert(.NOT. (gapw .OR. gapw_xc))
            cpassert(nimages == 1)
            ksmat => ks_matrix(:, 1)
 
            IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
               pv_loc = virial%pv_virial
            END IF
 
            CALL kg_ekin_subset(qs_env, ksmat, ekin_mol, calculate_forces, do_kernel=.false.)
            ! subtract kg corr from the total energy
            energy%exc = energy%exc - ekin_mol
 
            ! virial corrections
            IF (use_virial .AND. calculate_forces) THEN
 
               ! Integral contribution
               virial%pv_ehartree = virial%pv_ehartree + (virial%pv_virial - pv_loc)
 
               ! GGA contribution
               virial%pv_exc = virial%pv_exc + virial%pv_xc
               virial%pv_virial = virial%pv_virial + virial%pv_xc
               virial%pv_xc = 0.0_dp
            END IF
         END IF
 
      ELSE
         IF (do_hfx) THEN
            IF (.false.) THEN
               cpwarn("KS matrix no longer correct. Check possible problems with property calculations!")
            END IF
         END IF
      END IF ! .NOT. just energy
 
      IF (dft_control%qs_control%ddapc_explicit_potential) THEN
         CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(v_spin_ddapc_rest_r)
         DEALLOCATE (v_spin_ddapc_rest_r)
      END IF
 
      IF (calculate_forces .AND. dft_control%qs_control%cdft) THEN
         IF (.NOT. cdft_control%transfer_pot) THEN
            DO iatom = 1, SIZE(cdft_control%group)
               CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(cdft_control%group(iatom)%weight)
               DEALLOCATE (cdft_control%group(iatom)%weight)
            END DO
            IF (cdft_control%atomic_charges) THEN
               DO iatom = 1, cdft_control%natoms
                  CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(cdft_control%charge(iatom))
               END DO
               DEALLOCATE (cdft_control%charge)
            END IF
            IF (cdft_control%type == outer_scf_becke_constraint .AND. &
                cdft_control%becke_control%cavity_confine) THEN
               IF (.NOT. ASSOCIATED(cdft_control%becke_control%cavity_mat)) THEN
                  CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(cdft_control%becke_control%cavity)
               ELSE
                  DEALLOCATE (cdft_control%becke_control%cavity_mat)
               END IF
            ELSE IF (cdft_control%type == outer_scf_hirshfeld_constraint) THEN
               IF (ASSOCIATED(cdft_control%hirshfeld_control%hirshfeld_env%fnorm)) THEN
                  CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(cdft_control%hirshfeld_control%hirshfeld_env%fnorm)
               END IF
            END IF
            IF (ASSOCIATED(cdft_control%charges_fragment)) DEALLOCATE (cdft_control%charges_fragment)
            cdft_control%save_pot = .false.
            cdft_control%need_pot = .true.
            cdft_control%external_control = .false.
         END IF
      END IF
 
      IF (dft_control%do_sccs) THEN
         CALL auxbas_pw_pool%give_back_pw(v_sccs_rspace)
         DEALLOCATE (v_sccs_rspace)
      END IF
 
      IF (gapw) THEN
         IF (dft_control%apply_external_potential) THEN
            ! Integrals of the Hartree potential with g0_soft
            CALL qmmm_modify_hartree_pot(v_hartree=v_hartree_rspace, &
                                         v_qmmm=vee, scale=-1.0_dp)
         END IF
         CALL integrate_vhg0_rspace(qs_env, v_hartree_rspace, para_env, calculate_forces)
         ! Place Vh_1c_gg_integrals after integrate_vhg0_rspace for CNEO calculations
         ! because vhg0 integral is needed to build the complete nuclear equation
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, ecoul_1c=ecoul_1c, local_rho_set=local_rho_set)
         CALL vh_1c_gg_integrals(qs_env, energy%hartree_1c, ecoul_1c, local_rho_set, para_env, tddft=.false., &
                                 core_2nd=.false.)
         ! CNEO quantum nuclear core energy (kinetic + Z*erfc(r)/r potential from classical nuclei)
         energy%core_cneo = 0.0_dp
         IF (ASSOCIATED(local_rho_set%rhoz_cneo_set)) THEN
            DO iatom = 1, SIZE(local_rho_set%rhoz_cneo_set)
               energy%core_cneo = energy%core_cneo + local_rho_set%rhoz_cneo_set(iatom)%e_core
            END DO
         END IF
      END IF
 
      IF (gapw .OR. gapw_xc) THEN
         ! Single atom contributions in the KS matrix ***
         CALL update_ks_atom(qs_env, ks_matrix, rho_ao, calculate_forces)
         IF (dft_control%do_admm) THEN
            !Single atom contribution to the AUX matrices
            !Note: also update ks_aux_fit matrix in case of rtp
            CALL admm_update_ks_atom(qs_env, calculate_forces)
         END IF
      END IF
 
      !Calculation of Mulliken restraint, if requested
      CALL qs_ks_mulliken_restraint(energy, dft_control, just_energy, para_env, &
                                    ks_matrix, matrix_s, rho, mulliken_order_p)
 
      ! Add DFT+U contribution, if requested
      IF (dft_control%dft_plus_u) THEN
         cpassert(nimages == 1)
         IF (just_energy) THEN
            CALL plus_u(qs_env=qs_env)
         ELSE
            ksmat => ks_matrix(:, 1)
            CALL plus_u(qs_env=qs_env, matrix_h=ksmat)
         END IF
      ELSE
         energy%dft_plus_u = 0.0_dp
      END IF
 
      ! At this point the ks matrix should be up to date, filter it if requested
      DO ispin = 1, nspins
         DO img = 1, nimages
            CALL dbcsr_filter(ks_matrix(ispin, img)%matrix, &
                              dft_control%qs_control%eps_filter_matrix)
         END DO
      END DO
 
      !** merge the auxiliary KS matrix and the primary one
      IF (dft_control%do_admm_mo) THEN
         IF (qs_env%run_rtp) THEN
            CALL rtp_admm_merge_ks_matrix(qs_env)
         ELSE
            CALL admm_mo_merge_ks_matrix(qs_env)
         END IF
      ELSEIF (dft_control%do_admm_dm) THEN
         CALL admm_dm_merge_ks_matrix(qs_env)
      END IF
 
      ! External field (nonperiodic case)
      CALL qs_efield_local_operator(qs_env, just_energy, calculate_forces)
 
      ! Right now we can compute the orbital derivative here, as it depends currently only on the available
      ! Kohn-Sham matrix. This might change in the future, in which case more pieces might need to be assembled
      ! from this routine, notice that this part of the calculation in not linear scaling
      ! right now this operation is only non-trivial because of occupation numbers and the restricted keyword
      IF (qs_env%requires_mo_derivs .AND. .NOT. just_energy .AND. .NOT. qs_env%run_rtp) THEN
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, mo_derivs=mo_derivs)
         cpassert(nimages == 1)
         ksmat => ks_matrix(:, 1)
         CALL calc_mo_derivatives(qs_env, ksmat, mo_derivs)
      END IF
 
      ! ADMM overlap forces
      IF (calculate_forces .AND. dft_control%do_admm) THEN
         IF (dokp) THEN
            CALL calc_admm_ovlp_forces_kp(qs_env)
         ELSE
            CALL calc_admm_ovlp_forces(qs_env)
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! deal with low spin roks
      CALL low_spin_roks(energy, qs_env, dft_control, do_hfx, just_energy, &
                         calculate_forces, auxbas_pw_pool)
 
      ! deal with sic on explicit orbitals
      CALL sic_explicit_orbitals(energy, qs_env, dft_control, poisson_env, just_energy, &
                                 calculate_forces, auxbas_pw_pool)
 
      ! Periodic external field
      CALL qs_efield_berry_phase(qs_env, just_energy, calculate_forces)
 
      ! adds s2_restraint energy and orbital derivatives
      CALL qs_ks_s2_restraint(dft_control, qs_env, matrix_s, &
                              energy, calculate_forces, just_energy)
 
      IF (do_ppl) THEN
         ! update core energy for grid based local pseudopotential
         ecore_ppl = 0._dp
         DO ispin = 1, nspins
            ecore_ppl = ecore_ppl + pw_integral_ab(vppl_rspace, rho_r(ispin))
         END DO
         energy%core = energy%core + ecore_ppl
      END IF
 
      IF (lrigpw) THEN
         ! update core energy for ppl_ri method
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, lri_env=lri_env, lri_density=lri_density)
         IF (lri_env%ppl_ri) THEN
            ecore_ppl = 0._dp
            DO ispin = 1, nspins
               lri_v_int => lri_density%lri_coefs(ispin)%lri_kinds
               CALL v_int_ppl_energy(qs_env, lri_v_int, ecore_ppl)
            END DO
            energy%core = energy%core + ecore_ppl
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! Sum all energy terms to obtain the total energy
      energy%total = energy%core_overlap + energy%core_self + energy%core_cneo + energy%core + &
                     energy%hartree + energy%hartree_1c + energy%exc + energy%exc1 + energy%ex + &
                     energy%dispersion + energy%gcp + energy%qmmm_el + energy%mulliken + &
                     sum(energy%ddapc_restraint) + energy%s2_restraint + &
                     energy%dft_plus_u + energy%kTS + &
                     energy%efield + energy%efield_core + energy%ee + &
                     energy%ee_core + energy%exc_aux_fit + energy%image_charge + &
                     energy%sccs_pol + energy%cdft + energy%exc1_aux_fit
 
      IF (dft_control%apply_embed_pot) energy%total = energy%total + energy%embed_corr
 
      IF (abnormal_value(energy%total)) &
         cpabort("KS energy is an abnormal value (NaN/Inf).")
 
      ! Print detailed energy
      IF (my_print) THEN
         CALL print_detailed_energy(qs_env, dft_control, input, energy, mulliken_order_p)
      END IF
 
      CALL timestop(handle)
 
   END SUBROUTINE qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief ...
!> \param rho_tot_gspace ...
!> \param qs_env ...
!> \param rho ...
!> \param skip_nuclear_density ...
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE calc_rho_tot_gspace(rho_tot_gspace, qs_env, rho, skip_nuclear_density)
      TYPE(pw_c1d_gs_type), INTENT(INOUT)                :: rho_tot_gspace
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      TYPE(qs_rho_type), POINTER                         :: rho
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL                      :: skip_nuclear_density
 
      INTEGER                                            :: ispin
      LOGICAL                                            :: my_skip
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
      TYPE(pw_c1d_gs_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER        :: rho_g
      TYPE(pw_c1d_gs_type), POINTER                      :: rho0_s_gs, rho_core, rhoz_cneo_s_gs
      TYPE(qs_charges_type), POINTER                     :: qs_charges
 
      my_skip = .false.
      IF (PRESENT(skip_nuclear_density)) my_skip = skip_nuclear_density
 
      CALL qs_rho_get(rho, rho_g=rho_g)
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, dft_control=dft_control)
 
      IF (.NOT. my_skip) THEN
         NULLIFY (rho_core)
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho_core=rho_core)
         IF (dft_control%qs_control%gapw) THEN
            NULLIFY (rho0_s_gs, rhoz_cneo_s_gs)
            CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, rho0_s_gs=rho0_s_gs, rhoz_cneo_s_gs=rhoz_cneo_s_gs)
            cpassert(ASSOCIATED(rho0_s_gs))
            CALL pw_copy(rho0_s_gs, rho_tot_gspace)
            IF (ASSOCIATED(rhoz_cneo_s_gs)) THEN
               CALL pw_axpy(rhoz_cneo_s_gs, rho_tot_gspace)
            END IF
            IF (dft_control%qs_control%gapw_control%nopaw_as_gpw) THEN
               CALL pw_axpy(rho_core, rho_tot_gspace)
            END IF
         ELSE
            CALL pw_copy(rho_core, rho_tot_gspace)
         END IF
         DO ispin = 1, dft_control%nspins
            CALL pw_axpy(rho_g(ispin), rho_tot_gspace)
         END DO
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env=qs_env, qs_charges=qs_charges)
         qs_charges%total_rho_gspace = pw_integrate_function(rho_tot_gspace, isign=-1)
      ELSE
         DO ispin = 1, dft_control%nspins
            CALL pw_axpy(rho_g(ispin), rho_tot_gspace)
         END DO
      END IF
 
   END SUBROUTINE calc_rho_tot_gspace
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief compute MO derivatives
!> \param qs_env the qs_env to update
!> \param ks_matrix ...
!> \param mo_derivs ...
!> \par History
!>      01.2014 created, transferred from qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix in
!>      separate subroutine
!> \author Dorothea Golze
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE calc_mo_derivatives(qs_env, ks_matrix, mo_derivs)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER          :: ks_matrix, mo_derivs
 
      INTEGER                                            :: ispin
      LOGICAL                                            :: uniform_occupation
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER               :: occupation_numbers
      TYPE(cp_fm_type), POINTER                          :: mo_coeff
      TYPE(dbcsr_type)                                   :: mo_derivs2_tmp1, mo_derivs2_tmp2
      TYPE(dbcsr_type), POINTER                          :: mo_coeff_b
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
      TYPE(mo_set_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER           :: mo_array
 
      NULLIFY (dft_control, mo_array, mo_coeff, mo_coeff_b, occupation_numbers)
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, &
                      dft_control=dft_control, &
                      mos=mo_array)
 
      DO ispin = 1, SIZE(mo_derivs)
 
         CALL get_mo_set(mo_set=mo_array(ispin), mo_coeff=mo_coeff, &
                         mo_coeff_b=mo_coeff_b, occupation_numbers=occupation_numbers)
         CALL dbcsr_multiply('n', 'n', 1.0_dp, ks_matrix(ispin)%matrix, mo_coeff_b, &
                             0.0_dp, mo_derivs(ispin)%matrix)
 
         IF (dft_control%restricted) THEN
            ! only the first mo_set are actual variables, but we still need both
            cpassert(ispin == 1)
            cpassert(SIZE(mo_array) == 2)
            ! use a temporary array with the same size as the first spin for the second spin
 
            ! uniform_occupation is needed for this case, otherwise we can no
            ! reconstruct things in ot, since we irreversibly sum
            CALL get_mo_set(mo_set=mo_array(1), uniform_occupation=uniform_occupation)
            cpassert(uniform_occupation)
            CALL get_mo_set(mo_set=mo_array(2), uniform_occupation=uniform_occupation)
            cpassert(uniform_occupation)
 
            ! The beta-spin might have fewer orbitals than alpa-spin...
            ! create tempoary matrices with beta_nmo columns
            CALL get_mo_set(mo_set=mo_array(2), mo_coeff_b=mo_coeff_b)
            CALL dbcsr_create(mo_derivs2_tmp1, template=mo_coeff_b)
 
            ! calculate beta derivatives
            CALL dbcsr_multiply('n', 'n', 1.0_dp, ks_matrix(2)%matrix, mo_coeff_b, 0.0_dp, mo_derivs2_tmp1)
 
            ! create larger matrix with alpha_nmo columns
            CALL dbcsr_create(mo_derivs2_tmp2, template=mo_derivs(1)%matrix)
            CALL dbcsr_set(mo_derivs2_tmp2, 0.0_dp)
 
            ! copy into larger matrix, fills the first beta_nmo columns
            CALL dbcsr_copy_columns_hack(mo_derivs2_tmp2, mo_derivs2_tmp1, &
                                         mo_array(2)%nmo, 1, 1, &
                                         para_env=mo_array(1)%mo_coeff%matrix_struct%para_env, &
                                         blacs_env=mo_array(1)%mo_coeff%matrix_struct%context)
 
            ! add beta contribution to alpa mo_derivs
            CALL dbcsr_add(mo_derivs(1)%matrix, mo_derivs2_tmp2, 1.0_dp, 1.0_dp)
            CALL dbcsr_release(mo_derivs2_tmp1)
            CALL dbcsr_release(mo_derivs2_tmp2)
         END IF
      END DO
 
      IF (dft_control%do_admm_mo) THEN
         CALL calc_admm_mo_derivatives(qs_env, mo_derivs)
      END IF
 
   END SUBROUTINE calc_mo_derivatives
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief updates the Kohn Sham matrix of the given qs_env (facility method)
!> \param qs_env the qs_env to update
!> \param calculate_forces if true calculate the quantities needed
!>        to calculate the forces. Defaults to false.
!> \param just_energy if true updates the energies but not the
!>        ks matrix. Defaults to false
!> \param print_active ...
!> \par History
!>      4.2002 created [fawzi]
!>      8.2014 kpoints [JGH]
!>     10.2014 refractored [Ole Schuett]
!> \author Fawzi Mohamed
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE qs_ks_update_qs_env(qs_env, calculate_forces, just_energy, &
                                  print_active)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL                      :: calculate_forces, just_energy, &
                                                            print_active
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=*), PARAMETER :: routinen = 'qs_ks_update_qs_env'
 
      INTEGER                                            :: handle, unit_nr
      LOGICAL                                            :: c_forces, do_rebuild, energy_only, &
                                                            forces_up_to_date, potential_changed, &
                                                            rho_changed, s_mstruct_changed
      TYPE(qs_ks_env_type), POINTER                      :: ks_env
 
      NULLIFY (ks_env)
      unit_nr = cp_logger_get_default_io_unit()
 
      c_forces = .false.
      energy_only = .false.
      IF (PRESENT(just_energy)) energy_only = just_energy
      IF (PRESENT(calculate_forces)) c_forces = calculate_forces
 
      IF (c_forces) THEN
         CALL timeset(routinen//'_forces', handle)
      ELSE
         CALL timeset(routinen, handle)
      END IF
 
      cpassert(ASSOCIATED(qs_env))
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, &
                      ks_env=ks_env, &
                      rho_changed=rho_changed, &
                      s_mstruct_changed=s_mstruct_changed, &
                      potential_changed=potential_changed, &
                      forces_up_to_date=forces_up_to_date)
 
      do_rebuild = .false.
      do_rebuild = do_rebuild .OR. rho_changed
      do_rebuild = do_rebuild .OR. s_mstruct_changed
      do_rebuild = do_rebuild .OR. potential_changed
      do_rebuild = do_rebuild .OR. (c_forces .AND. .NOT. forces_up_to_date)
 
      IF (do_rebuild) THEN
         CALL evaluate_core_matrix_traces(qs_env)
 
         ! the ks matrix will be rebuilt so this is fine now
         CALL set_ks_env(ks_env, potential_changed=.false.)
 
         CALL rebuild_ks_matrix(qs_env, &
                                calculate_forces=c_forces, &
                                just_energy=energy_only, &
                                print_active=print_active)
 
         IF (.NOT. energy_only) THEN
            CALL set_ks_env(ks_env, &
                            rho_changed=.false., &
                            s_mstruct_changed=.false., &
                            forces_up_to_date=forces_up_to_date .OR. c_forces)
         END IF
      END IF
 
      CALL timestop(handle)
 
   END SUBROUTINE qs_ks_update_qs_env
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief Calculates the traces of the core matrices and the density matrix.
!> \param qs_env ...
!> \param rho_ao_ext ...
!> \author Ole Schuett
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE evaluate_core_matrix_traces(qs_env, rho_ao_ext)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:, :), OPTIONAL, &
         POINTER                                         :: rho_ao_ext
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=*), PARAMETER :: routinen = 'evaluate_core_matrix_traces'
 
      INTEGER                                            :: handle
      REAL(kind=dp)                                      :: energy_core_im
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:, :), POINTER       :: matrixkp_h, matrixkp_t, rho_ao_kp
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
      TYPE(qs_energy_type), POINTER                      :: energy
      TYPE(qs_rho_type), POINTER                         :: rho
 
      CALL timeset(routinen, handle)
      NULLIFY (energy, rho, dft_control, rho_ao_kp, matrixkp_t, matrixkp_h)
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, &
                      rho=rho, &
                      energy=energy, &
                      dft_control=dft_control, &
                      kinetic_kp=matrixkp_t, &
                      matrix_h_kp=matrixkp_h)
 
      IF (PRESENT(rho_ao_ext)) THEN
         rho_ao_kp => rho_ao_ext
      ELSE
         CALL qs_rho_get(rho, rho_ao_kp=rho_ao_kp)
      END IF
 
      CALL calculate_ptrace(matrixkp_h, rho_ao_kp, energy%core, dft_control%nspins)
 
      ! Add the imaginary part in the RTP case
      IF (qs_env%run_rtp) THEN
         IF (dft_control%rtp_control%velocity_gauge) THEN
            CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, matrix_h_im_kp=matrixkp_h)
            CALL qs_rho_get(rho, rho_ao_im_kp=rho_ao_kp)
            CALL calculate_ptrace(matrixkp_h, rho_ao_kp, energy_core_im, dft_control%nspins)
            energy%core = energy%core - energy_core_im
         END IF
      END IF
 
      ! kinetic energy
      IF (ASSOCIATED(matrixkp_t)) &
         CALL calculate_ptrace(matrixkp_t, rho_ao_kp, energy%kinetic, dft_control%nspins)
 
      CALL timestop(handle)
   END SUBROUTINE evaluate_core_matrix_traces
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief Constructs a new Khon-Sham matrix
!> \param qs_env ...
!> \param calculate_forces ...
!> \param just_energy ...
!> \param print_active ...
!> \author Ole Schuett
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE rebuild_ks_matrix(qs_env, calculate_forces, just_energy, print_active)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)                                :: calculate_forces, just_energy
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN), OPTIONAL                      :: print_active
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=*), PARAMETER                        :: routinen = 'rebuild_ks_matrix'
 
      INTEGER                                            :: handle
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
 
      CALL timeset(routinen, handle)
      NULLIFY (dft_control)
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, dft_control=dft_control)
 
      IF (dft_control%qs_control%semi_empirical) THEN
         CALL build_se_fock_matrix(qs_env, &
                                   calculate_forces=calculate_forces, &
                                   just_energy=just_energy)
 
      ELSEIF (dft_control%qs_control%dftb) THEN
         CALL build_dftb_ks_matrix(qs_env, &
                                   calculate_forces=calculate_forces, &
                                   just_energy=just_energy)
 
      ELSEIF (dft_control%qs_control%xtb) THEN
         IF (dft_control%qs_control%xtb_control%do_tblite) THEN
            CALL build_tblite_ks_matrix(qs_env, &
                                        calculate_forces=calculate_forces, &
                                        just_energy=just_energy)
         ELSE
            CALL build_xtb_ks_matrix(qs_env, &
                                     calculate_forces=calculate_forces, &
                                     just_energy=just_energy)
         END IF
      ELSE
         CALL qs_ks_build_kohn_sham_matrix(qs_env, &
                                           calculate_forces=calculate_forces, &
                                           just_energy=just_energy, &
                                           print_active=print_active)
      END IF
 
      CALL timestop(handle)
 
   END SUBROUTINE rebuild_ks_matrix
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief Allocate ks_matrix if necessary, take current overlap matrix as template
!> \param qs_env ...
!> \param is_complex ...
!> \par History
!>    refactoring 04.03.2011 [MI]
!> \author
! **************************************************************************************************
 
   SUBROUTINE qs_ks_allocate_basics(qs_env, is_complex)
      TYPE(qs_environment_type), POINTER                 :: qs_env
      LOGICAL, INTENT(in)                                :: is_complex
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=default_string_length)               :: headline
      INTEGER                                            :: ic, ispin, nimages, nspins
      LOGICAL                                            :: do_kpoints
      TYPE(dbcsr_p_type), DIMENSION(:, :), POINTER       :: matrix_s_kp, matrixkp_im_ks, matrixkp_ks
      TYPE(dbcsr_type), POINTER                          :: refmatrix
      TYPE(dft_control_type), POINTER                    :: dft_control
      TYPE(kpoint_type), POINTER                         :: kpoints
      TYPE(neighbor_list_set_p_type), DIMENSION(:), &
         POINTER                                         :: sab_orb
      TYPE(qs_ks_env_type), POINTER                      :: ks_env
 
      NULLIFY (dft_control, ks_env, matrix_s_kp, sab_orb, matrixkp_ks, refmatrix, matrixkp_im_ks, kpoints)
 
      CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, &
                      dft_control=dft_control, &
                      matrix_s_kp=matrix_s_kp, &
                      ks_env=ks_env, &
                      kpoints=kpoints, &
                      do_kpoints=do_kpoints, &
                      matrix_ks_kp=matrixkp_ks, &
                      matrix_ks_im_kp=matrixkp_im_ks)
 
      IF (do_kpoints) THEN
         CALL get_kpoint_info(kpoints, sab_nl=sab_orb)
      ELSE
         CALL get_qs_env(qs_env, sab_orb=sab_orb)
      END IF
 
      nspins = dft_control%nspins
      nimages = dft_control%nimages
 
      IF (.NOT. ASSOCIATED(matrixkp_ks)) THEN
         CALL dbcsr_allocate_matrix_set(matrixkp_ks, nspins, nimages)
         refmatrix => matrix_s_kp(1, 1)%matrix
         DO ispin = 1, nspins
            DO ic = 1, nimages
               IF (nspins > 1) THEN
                  IF (ispin == 1) THEN
                     headline = "KOHN-SHAM MATRIX FOR ALPHA SPIN"
                  ELSE
                     headline = "KOHN-SHAM MATRIX FOR BETA SPIN"
                  END IF
               ELSE
                  headline = "KOHN-SHAM MATRIX"
               END IF
               ALLOCATE (matrixkp_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix)
               CALL dbcsr_create(matrix=matrixkp_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, template=refmatrix, &
                                 name=trim(headline), matrix_type=dbcsr_type_symmetric)
               CALL cp_dbcsr_alloc_block_from_nbl(matrixkp_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, sab_orb)
               CALL dbcsr_set(matrixkp_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, 0.0_dp)
            END DO
         END DO
         CALL set_ks_env(ks_env, matrix_ks_kp=matrixkp_ks)
      END IF
 
      IF (is_complex) THEN
         IF (.NOT. ASSOCIATED(matrixkp_im_ks)) THEN
            cpassert(nspins == SIZE(matrixkp_ks, 1))
            cpassert(nimages == SIZE(matrixkp_ks, 2))
            CALL dbcsr_allocate_matrix_set(matrixkp_im_ks, nspins, nimages)
            DO ispin = 1, nspins
               DO ic = 1, nimages
                  IF (nspins > 1) THEN
                     IF (ispin == 1) THEN
                        headline = "IMAGINARY KOHN-SHAM MATRIX FOR ALPHA SPIN"
                     ELSE
                        headline = "IMAGINARY KOHN-SHAM MATRIX FOR BETA SPIN"
                     END IF
                  ELSE
                     headline = "IMAGINARY KOHN-SHAM MATRIX"
                  END IF
                  ALLOCATE (matrixkp_im_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix)
                  refmatrix => matrixkp_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix  ! base on real part, but anti-symmetric
                  CALL dbcsr_create(matrix=matrixkp_im_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, template=refmatrix, &
                                    name=trim(headline), matrix_type=dbcsr_type_antisymmetric)
                  CALL cp_dbcsr_alloc_block_from_nbl(matrixkp_im_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, sab_orb)
                  CALL dbcsr_set(matrixkp_im_ks(ispin, ic)%matrix, 0.0_dp)
               END DO
            END DO
            CALL set_ks_env(ks_env, matrix_ks_im_kp=matrixkp_im_ks)
         END IF
      END IF
 
   END SUBROUTINE qs_ks_allocate_basics
 
END MODULE qs_ks_methods