ewalds.F

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!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
!   CP2K: A general program to perform molecular dynamics simulations                              !
!   Copyright 2000-2025 CP2K developers group <https://cp2k.org>                                   !
!                                                                                                  !
!   SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later                                                      !
!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------!
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \par History
!>      JGH (15-Mar-2001) : New routine ewald_setup (former pme_setup)
!>      JGH (23-Mar-2001) : Get rid of global variable ewald_grp
! **************************************************************************************************
MODULE ewalds
 
   USE atomic_kind_types,               ONLY: atomic_kind_type,&
                                              get_atomic_kind
   USE bibliography,                    ONLY: ewald1921,&
                                              cite_reference
   USE cell_types,                      ONLY: cell_type
   USE dg_rho0_types,                   ONLY: dg_rho0_type
   USE dg_types,                        ONLY: dg_get,&
                                              dg_type
   USE distribution_1d_types,           ONLY: distribution_1d_type
   USE ewald_environment_types,         ONLY: ewald_env_get,&
                                              ewald_environment_type
   USE ewald_pw_types,                  ONLY: ewald_pw_get,&
                                              ewald_pw_type
   USE kinds,                           ONLY: dp
   USE mathconstants,                   ONLY: fourpi,&
                                              oorootpi,&
                                              pi,&
                                              z_zero
   USE message_passing,                 ONLY: mp_comm_type
   USE particle_types,                  ONLY: particle_type
   USE pw_grid_types,                   ONLY: pw_grid_type
   USE pw_poisson_types,                ONLY: do_ewald_none
   USE pw_pool_types,                   ONLY: pw_pool_type
   USE shell_potential_types,           ONLY: get_shell,&
                                              shell_kind_type
   USE structure_factor_types,          ONLY: structure_factor_type
   USE structure_factors,               ONLY: structure_factor_allocate,&
                                              structure_factor_deallocate,&
                                              structure_factor_evaluate
#include "./base/base_uses.f90"
 
   IMPLICIT NONE
   LOGICAL, PRIVATE, PARAMETER :: debug_this_module = .true.
   CHARACTER(len=*), PARAMETER, PRIVATE :: moduleN = 'ewalds'
 
   PRIVATE
   PUBLIC :: ewald_evaluate, ewald_self, ewald_self_atom, ewald_print
 
CONTAINS
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief computes the potential and the force from the g-space part of
!>      the 1/r potential
!>      Ref.: J.-P. Hansen, Enrico Fermi School, 1985
!>      Note: Only the positive G-vectors are used in the sum.
!> \param ewald_env ...
!> \param ewald_pw ...
!> \param cell ...
!> \param atomic_kind_set ...
!> \param particle_set ...
!> \param local_particles ...
!> \param fg_coulomb ...
!> \param vg_coulomb ...
!> \param pv_g ...
!> \param use_virial ...
!> \param charges ...
!> \param e_coulomb ...
!> \par History
!>      JGH (21-Feb-2001) : changed name
!> \author CJM
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE ewald_evaluate(ewald_env, ewald_pw, cell, atomic_kind_set, particle_set, &
                             local_particles, fg_coulomb, vg_coulomb, pv_g, use_virial, charges, e_coulomb)
      TYPE(ewald_environment_type), POINTER              :: ewald_env
      TYPE(ewald_pw_type), POINTER                       :: ewald_pw
      TYPE(cell_type), POINTER                           :: cell
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), POINTER                    :: atomic_kind_set(:)
      TYPE(particle_type), POINTER                       :: particle_set(:)
      TYPE(distribution_1d_type), POINTER                :: local_particles
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:, :), INTENT(OUT)        :: fg_coulomb
      REAL(kind=dp), INTENT(OUT)                         :: vg_coulomb
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:, :), INTENT(OUT)        :: pv_g
      LOGICAL, INTENT(IN)                                :: use_virial
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), OPTIONAL, POINTER     :: charges, e_coulomb
 
      CHARACTER(LEN=*), PARAMETER                        :: routinen = 'ewald_evaluate'
 
      COMPLEX(KIND=dp)                                   :: snode
      COMPLEX(KIND=dp), ALLOCATABLE, DIMENSION(:)        :: summe
      INTEGER                                            :: gpt, handle, iparticle, iparticle_kind, &
                                                            iparticle_local, lp, mp, nnodes, node, &
                                                            np, nparticle_kind, nparticle_local
      INTEGER, DIMENSION(:, :), POINTER                  :: bds
      LOGICAL                                            :: atenergy, use_charge_array
      REAL(kind=dp)                                      :: alpha, denom, e_igdotr, factor, &
                                                            four_alpha_sq, gauss, pref, q
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(3)                        :: vec
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER               :: charge
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:, :, :), POINTER         :: rho0
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), POINTER                    :: atomic_kind
      TYPE(dg_rho0_type), POINTER                        :: dg_rho0
      TYPE(dg_type), POINTER                             :: dg
      TYPE(mp_comm_type)                                 :: group
      TYPE(pw_grid_type), POINTER                        :: pw_grid
      TYPE(pw_pool_type), POINTER                        :: pw_pool
      TYPE(structure_factor_type)                        :: exp_igr
 
      CALL timeset(routinen, handle)
      CALL cite_reference(ewald1921)
      use_charge_array = .false.
      IF (PRESENT(charges)) use_charge_array = ASSOCIATED(charges)
      atenergy = PRESENT(e_coulomb)
      IF (atenergy) atenergy = ASSOCIATED(e_coulomb)
      IF (atenergy) e_coulomb = 0._dp
 
      ! pointing
      CALL ewald_env_get(ewald_env, alpha=alpha, group=group)
      CALL ewald_pw_get(ewald_pw, pw_big_pool=pw_pool, dg=dg)
      CALL dg_get(dg, dg_rho0=dg_rho0)
      rho0 => dg_rho0%density%array
      pw_grid => pw_pool%pw_grid
      bds => pw_grid%bounds
 
      ! allocating
      nparticle_kind = SIZE(atomic_kind_set)
      nnodes = 0
      DO iparticle_kind = 1, nparticle_kind
         nnodes = nnodes + local_particles%n_el(iparticle_kind)
      END DO
 
      CALL structure_factor_allocate(pw_grid%bounds, nnodes, exp_igr)
 
      ALLOCATE (summe(1:pw_grid%ngpts_cut))
      ALLOCATE (charge(1:nnodes))
 
      ! Initializing vg_coulomb and fg_coulomb
      vg_coulomb = 0.0_dp
      fg_coulomb = 0.0_dp
      IF (use_virial) pv_g = 0.0_dp
      ! defining four_alpha_sq
      four_alpha_sq = 4.0_dp*alpha**2
      ! zero node count
      node = 0
      DO iparticle_kind = 1, nparticle_kind
         nparticle_local = local_particles%n_el(iparticle_kind)
         IF (use_charge_array) THEN
            DO iparticle_local = 1, nparticle_local
               node = node + 1
               iparticle = local_particles%list(iparticle_kind)%array(iparticle_local)
               charge(node) = charges(iparticle)
               vec = matmul(cell%h_inv, particle_set(iparticle)%r)
               CALL structure_factor_evaluate(vec, exp_igr%lb, &
                                              exp_igr%ex(:, node), exp_igr%ey(:, node), exp_igr%ez(:, node))
            END DO
         ELSE
            atomic_kind => atomic_kind_set(iparticle_kind)
            CALL get_atomic_kind(atomic_kind=atomic_kind, qeff=q)
            DO iparticle_local = 1, nparticle_local
               node = node + 1
               iparticle = local_particles%list(iparticle_kind)%array(iparticle_local)
               charge(node) = q
               vec = matmul(cell%h_inv, particle_set(iparticle)%r)
               CALL structure_factor_evaluate(vec, exp_igr%lb, &
                                              exp_igr%ex(:, node), exp_igr%ey(:, node), exp_igr%ez(:, node))
            END DO
         END IF
      END DO
 
      summe(:) = z_zero
      ! looping over the positive g-vectors
      DO gpt = 1, pw_grid%ngpts_cut_local
 
         lp = pw_grid%mapl%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(1, gpt))
         mp = pw_grid%mapm%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(2, gpt))
         np = pw_grid%mapn%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(3, gpt))
 
         lp = lp + bds(1, 1)
         mp = mp + bds(1, 2)
         np = np + bds(1, 3)
 
         ! initializing sum to be used in the energy and force
         DO node = 1, nnodes
            summe(gpt) = summe(gpt) + charge(node)* &
                         (exp_igr%ex(lp, node) &
                          *exp_igr%ey(mp, node) &
                          *exp_igr%ez(np, node))
         END DO
      END DO
      CALL group%sum(summe)
 
      pref = fourpi/pw_grid%vol
 
      ! looping over the positive g-vectors
      DO gpt = 1, pw_grid%ngpts_cut_local
         ! computing the potential energy
         lp = pw_grid%mapl%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(1, gpt))
         mp = pw_grid%mapm%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(2, gpt))
         np = pw_grid%mapn%pos(pw_grid%g_hat(3, gpt))
 
         lp = lp + bds(1, 1)
         mp = mp + bds(1, 2)
         np = np + bds(1, 3)
 
         IF (pw_grid%gsq(gpt) <= 1.0e-10_dp) cycle
 
         gauss = (rho0(lp, mp, np)*pw_grid%vol)**2/pw_grid%gsq(gpt)
         factor = gauss*real(summe(gpt)*conjg(summe(gpt)), kind=dp)
         vg_coulomb = vg_coulomb + factor
 
         ! atomic energies
         IF (atenergy) THEN
            DO node = 1, nnodes
               snode = conjg(exp_igr%ex(lp, node) &
                             *exp_igr%ey(mp, node) &
                             *exp_igr%ez(np, node))
               e_coulomb(node) = e_coulomb(node) + gauss*charge(node)*real(summe(gpt)*snode, kind=dp)
            END DO
         END IF
 
         ! computing the force
         node = 0
         DO node = 1, nnodes
            e_igdotr = aimag(summe(gpt)*conjg &
                             (exp_igr%ex(lp, node) &
                              *exp_igr%ey(mp, node) &
                              *exp_igr%ez(np, node)))
            fg_coulomb(:, node) = fg_coulomb(:, node) &
                                  + charge(node)*gauss*e_igdotr*pw_grid%g(:, gpt)
         END DO
 
         ! compute the virial P*V
         denom = 1.0_dp/four_alpha_sq + 1.0_dp/pw_grid%gsq(gpt)
         IF (use_virial) THEN
            pv_g(1, 1) = pv_g(1, 1) + factor*(1.0_dp - 2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(1, 2) = pv_g(1, 2) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(1, 3) = pv_g(1, 3) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(2, 1) = pv_g(2, 1) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(2, 2) = pv_g(2, 2) + factor*(1.0_dp - 2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(2, 3) = pv_g(2, 3) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(3, 1) = pv_g(3, 1) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*pw_grid%g(1, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(3, 2) = pv_g(3, 2) - factor*(2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*pw_grid%g(2, gpt)*denom)
            pv_g(3, 3) = pv_g(3, 3) + factor*(1.0_dp - 2.0_dp*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*pw_grid%g(3, gpt)*denom)
         END IF
      END DO
 
      vg_coulomb = vg_coulomb*pref
      IF (use_virial) pv_g = pv_g*pref
      IF (atenergy) e_coulomb = e_coulomb*pref
 
      fg_coulomb = fg_coulomb*(2.0_dp*pref)
 
      CALL structure_factor_deallocate(exp_igr)
 
      DEALLOCATE (charge, summe)
 
      CALL timestop(handle)
 
   END SUBROUTINE ewald_evaluate
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief Computes the self interaction from g-space
!>      and the neutralizing background
!> \param ewald_env ...
!> \param cell ...
!> \param atomic_kind_set ...
!> \param local_particles ...
!> \param e_self ...
!> \param e_neut ...
!> \param charges ...
!> \par History
!>      none
!> \author CJM
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE ewald_self(ewald_env, cell, atomic_kind_set, local_particles, e_self, &
                         e_neut, charges)
 
      TYPE(ewald_environment_type), POINTER              :: ewald_env
      TYPE(cell_type), POINTER                           :: cell
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), POINTER                    :: atomic_kind_set(:)
      TYPE(distribution_1d_type), POINTER                :: local_particles
      REAL(kind=dp), INTENT(OUT)                         :: e_self, e_neut
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER               :: charges
 
      INTEGER                                            :: ewald_type, iparticle_kind, &
                                                            nparticle_kind, nparticle_local
      LOGICAL                                            :: is_shell
      REAL(kind=dp)                                      :: alpha, mm_radius, q, q_neutg, q_self, &
                                                            q_sum, qcore, qshell
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), POINTER                    :: atomic_kind
      TYPE(mp_comm_type)                                 :: group
      TYPE(shell_kind_type), POINTER                     :: shell
 
      CALL ewald_env_get(ewald_env, ewald_type=ewald_type, &
                         alpha=alpha, group=group)
      q_neutg = 0.0_dp
      q_self = 0.0_dp
      q_sum = 0.0_dp
      nparticle_kind = SIZE(atomic_kind_set)
      IF (ASSOCIATED(charges)) THEN
         q_self = dot_product(charges, charges)
         q_sum = sum(charges)
         ! check and abort..
         DO iparticle_kind = 1, nparticle_kind
            atomic_kind => atomic_kind_set(iparticle_kind)
            CALL get_atomic_kind(atomic_kind=atomic_kind, mm_radius=mm_radius)
            IF (mm_radius > 0.0_dp) THEN
               cpabort("Array of charges not implemented for mm_radius > 0.0")
            END IF
         END DO
      ELSE
         DO iparticle_kind = 1, nparticle_kind
            atomic_kind => atomic_kind_set(iparticle_kind)
            CALL get_atomic_kind(atomic_kind=atomic_kind, mm_radius=mm_radius, &
                                 qeff=q, shell_active=is_shell, shell=shell)
            nparticle_local = local_particles%n_el(iparticle_kind)
            IF (is_shell) THEN
               CALL get_shell(shell=shell, charge_core=qcore, charge_shell=qshell)
               ! MI: the core-shell ES interaction, when core and shell belong to the same ion, is excluded
               !     in the nonbond correction term. Therefore, here the self interaction is computed entirely
               q_self = q_self + qcore*qcore*nparticle_local + qshell*qshell*nparticle_local
               q_sum = q_sum + qcore*nparticle_local + qshell*nparticle_local
               IF (mm_radius > 0) THEN
                  ! the core is always a point charge
                  q_neutg = q_neutg + 2.0_dp*qshell*mm_radius**2
               END IF
            ELSE
               q_self = q_self + q*q*nparticle_local
               q_sum = q_sum + q*nparticle_local
               IF (mm_radius > 0) THEN
                  q_neutg = q_neutg + 2.0_dp*q*mm_radius**2
               END IF
            END IF
         END DO
 
         CALL group%sum(q_self)
         CALL group%sum(q_sum)
      END IF
 
      e_neut = 0.0_dp
      e_self = 0.0_dp
      IF (ewald_type /= do_ewald_none) THEN
         e_self = -q_self*alpha*oorootpi
         e_neut = -q_sum*pi/(2.0_dp*cell%deth)*(q_sum/alpha**2 - q_neutg)
      END IF
 
   END SUBROUTINE ewald_self
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief Computes the self interaction per atom
!> \param ewald_env ...
!> \param atomic_kind_set ...
!> \param local_particles ...
!> \param e_self ...
!> \param charges ...
!> \par History
!>      none
!> \author JHU from ewald_self
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE ewald_self_atom(ewald_env, atomic_kind_set, local_particles, e_self, &
                              charges)
 
      TYPE(ewald_environment_type), POINTER              :: ewald_env
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), DIMENSION(:), POINTER      :: atomic_kind_set(:)
      TYPE(distribution_1d_type), POINTER                :: local_particles
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), INTENT(INOUT)         :: e_self(:)
      REAL(kind=dp), DIMENSION(:), POINTER               :: charges
 
      INTEGER                                            :: ewald_type, ii, iparticle_kind, &
                                                            iparticle_local, nparticle_kind, &
                                                            nparticle_local
      LOGICAL                                            :: is_shell
      REAL(kind=dp)                                      :: alpha, fself, q, qcore, qshell
      TYPE(atomic_kind_type), POINTER                    :: atomic_kind
      TYPE(shell_kind_type), POINTER                     :: shell
 
      CALL ewald_env_get(ewald_env, ewald_type=ewald_type, alpha=alpha)
 
      fself = alpha*oorootpi
 
      IF (ewald_type /= do_ewald_none) THEN
         nparticle_kind = SIZE(atomic_kind_set)
         IF (ASSOCIATED(charges)) THEN
            cpabort("Atomic energy not implemented for charges")
         ELSE
            DO iparticle_kind = 1, nparticle_kind
               atomic_kind => atomic_kind_set(iparticle_kind)
               nparticle_local = local_particles%n_el(iparticle_kind)
               CALL get_atomic_kind(atomic_kind=atomic_kind, qeff=q, &
                                    shell_active=is_shell, shell=shell)
               IF (is_shell) THEN
                  CALL get_shell(shell=shell, charge_core=qcore, charge_shell=qshell)
                  DO iparticle_local = 1, nparticle_local
                     ii = local_particles%list(iparticle_kind)%array(iparticle_local)
                     e_self(ii) = e_self(ii) - (qcore*qcore + qshell*qshell)*fself
                  END DO
               ELSE
                  DO iparticle_local = 1, nparticle_local
                     ii = local_particles%list(iparticle_kind)%array(iparticle_local)
                     e_self(ii) = e_self(ii) - q*q*fself
                  END DO
               END IF
            END DO
         END IF
      END IF
 
   END SUBROUTINE ewald_self_atom
 
! **************************************************************************************************
!> \brief ...
!> \param iw ...
!> \param pot_nonbond ...
!> \param e_gspace ...
!> \param e_self ...
!> \param e_neut ...
!> \param e_bonded ...
!> \par History
!>      none
!> \author CJM
! **************************************************************************************************
   SUBROUTINE ewald_print(iw, pot_nonbond, e_gspace, e_self, e_neut, e_bonded)
 
      INTEGER, INTENT(IN)                                :: iw
      REAL(kind=dp), INTENT(IN)                          :: pot_nonbond, e_gspace, e_self, e_neut, &
                                                            e_bonded
 
      IF (iw > 0) THEN
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A )') ' *********************************', &
            '**********************************************'
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A, T35, A, T56, E25.15 )') ' INITIAL GSPACE ENERGY', &
            '[hartree]', '= ', e_gspace
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A, T35, A, T56, E25.15 )') ' INITIAL NONBONDED ENERGY', &
            '[hartree]', '= ', pot_nonbond
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A, T35, A, T56, E25.15 )') ' SELF ENERGY CORRECTION', &
            '[hartree]', '= ', e_self
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A, T35, A, T56, E25.15 )') ' NEUT. BACKGROUND', &
            '[hartree]', '= ', e_neut
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A, T35, A, T56, E25.15 )') ' BONDED CORRECTION', &
            '[hartree]', '= ', e_bonded
         WRITE (iw, '( A, A )') ' *********************************', &
            '**********************************************'
      END IF
   END SUBROUTINE ewald_print
 
END MODULE ewalds